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Introduction
Jim Hutchins
What Prehistoric and Indigenous Peoples Knew
There Was Surprisingly Little Knowledge of Neuroscience Gained in the 5000 Years from the Ancient Egyptians to the European Renaissance
The Convergence of Advances in Physiology, Histology, and Electricity Lead to an Acceleration in Our Understanding of the Brain
Localization of Function: Successes and Failures
The Imaging Revolution
The Major Divisions of the Nervous System
How the Neural Tube Develops Into the Major Divisions of the Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
Lobes of the Human Brain
The Gyrencephalic Brain: Sulci
The Gyrencephalic Brain: Gyri and Functional Areas
Internal Anatomy of the Forebrain
The Thalamus and Hypothalamus
The Midbrain
The Pons and Cerebellum
The Medulla
The Cranial Nerves
The Meninges Are Your Brain's Womb, Not Its Mother
Production, Circulation, and Resorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Anterior and Posterior Circulation of the Brain
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Venous Drainage of the Brain
Neurons and Glial Cells
Techniques Used to Study Neurons at the Cellular Level
Neuronal Shape and Neuronal Information Processing
Myelination
Organelles
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Jim Hutchins and Elizabeth Rebarchik
Transcription
Elizabeth Rebarchik and Jim Hutchins
Regulation of Transcription
Translation
Epigenetic Modifications
An Introduction to Some Molecular Biological Techniques Used in Neuroscience
Energy Production
Energy Allocation
Glutamate Management
The Endomembrane System
Axonal Transport
Axonal Transport and the Tracing of Connections in the Brain
The Neuronal Cell Membrane
The Neuronal Membrane is Selectively Permeable
Visualizing Single Channel Currents With the Patch-Clamp Method
The Equilibrium Potential
The Resting Membrane Potential
The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
The Action Potential in Unmyelinated Axons
The Action Potential in Myelinated Axons
Action Potential Propagation
The Chemical Synapse
Packaging Neurotransmitter Into Vesicles
Neurotransmitter Release
Ionotropic Receptors (Ligand-Gated Channels)
Metabotropic Receptors (G Protein-Coupled Receptors)
Terminating Neurotransmitter Action
Signal Transduction
Transduction by Ionotropic Receptors
Transduction by Metabotropic Receptors
Retrograde Information Transmission at the Synapse
Electrical Synapses
Cable Properties of Neurons
Postsynaptic Potentials
Spatial and Temporal Summation
The Influence of Neuronal Shape on the Electrical Properties of the Neuron
The History of the Concept of Modifiable Synapses
The Hippocampal Slice
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The Molecules of Memory
Early and Late Long-Term Potentiation
Mechanoreceptors of Skin
Chemoreceptors of Skin
Thermoreceptors of Skin
Mechanoreceptors of the Connective Tissues and Muscles
Axonal Size and Myelination in the Spinal Nerves
Spinal Cord Processing of Somatosensory Information Carried on Spinal Nerves
Brainstem Processing of Trigeminal Nerve Sensations
Pathways to the Thalamus
Somatosensation in the Cerebral Cortex
Gross Anatomy of the Eye
The Retina
Color Processing in the Retina
Visual Transduction
Retinal Wiring
Edge Processing in the Retina: Bipolar Cells
Motion Processing in the Retina: Amacrine Cell and Bipolar Cell Inputs to Ganglion Cells
Retinal Output: Ganglion Cells
Visual Fields
Targets of the Retinofugal Projection: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, Midbrain, and Hypothalamus
Optic Radiations
Primary Visual Cortex
Representation of Depth in Visual Cortex
Columnar Organization of Visual Cortex
Ventral and Dorsal Streams of Visual Information
1. Invertebrate Olfaction
2. Human Chemical Senses
Anatomy of the Enteric Nervous System
The Cells of the Enteric Nervous System
Circuitry of the Enteric Nervous System
The Central Nervous System – Gut Interface
Development of the Enteric Nervous System
Organization of the Autonomic Motor System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate
The Pupillary Light Reflex
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Autonomic Control of Digestion
Perspiration
Autonomic Control of Blood Flow
Autonomic Effects on Respiration
Organization of the Somatic Motor System
Skeletal Muscle
Alpha Motor Neurons and the Neuromuscular Junction
The Cross-Bridge Cycle and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The Gamma Loop: Sensory Feedback from Muscle
Golgi Tendon Organs
Motor Cortex
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)
The Cerebellum
The Basal Nuclei
Mirror Neurons
Reflex Pathways
The Basics of Sexual Reproduction
Sex vs Gender
The Organizational-Activational Hypothesis
Sex and Gender Differences in Brain Structure and Function
Central Control of Sexual Behavior
Innervation of Erectile Tissues
Pair Bonding and Attachment
Cognitive Differences Between the Sexes
Sexual Orientation and the Brain
Gender Dysphoria
3. The Reward Circuit
4. Addiction
Neuronal Organelles
The Nucleus of Neurons
Transcription and its Regulation in Neurons
Translation in Neurons
The Golgi Complex in Neurons
Post-Translational Modification
The Endomembrane System, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis in Neurons
Mitochondria in Neurons
Energy Metabolism in Neurons
The Cytoskeleton of Neurons
Anterograde and Retrograde Transport Mechanisms in Neurons
Molecular Properties of the Neuronal Membrane
Overview of Membrane Channels, Transporters, and Pumps
Patch Clamping
Leakage Channels
Voltage-Gated Channels
Ligand-Gated Channels
Signal-Gated Channels
Transporters
Pumps
Connections Between the Cytoskeleton and Neuronal Membrane
Connections Between the Neuronal Membrane and Extracellular Matrix
Diffusion and Fick's First Law
Electrical Models of the Neuronal Cell Membrane
The Equilibrium (Nernst) Potential
The Action Potential
The Myelin Sheath
The Electrical Synapse (Gap Junction)
A Brief List of Chemical Neurotransmitters
The Canonical Chemical Synapse
Quantal Release of Neurotransmitter and Evidence for Vesicular Release
Safina Rehman
Mutations Which Modify Neurotransmitter Release
Neurotransmitter Receptors
Comparing Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
Generation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs)
The Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Second Messenger System
The Inositol Triphosphate / Diacylglycerol / Calcium Second Messenger System
The Arachadonic Acid Second Messenger System
The Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) Second Messenger System
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters: Glutamate
Neurotransmitters: γ-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
Monoamines
Tess Johnson
Neurotransmitters: Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
Neurotransmitters: Serotonin
Neurotransmitters: Peptides
Neurotransmitters: Glycine
Lance Castro and Jim Hutchins
Neurotransmitters: Histamine
Neurotransmitters: Eicosanoids
Neurotransmitters: Neurosteroids
Neurotransmitters: Purines
Neurotransmitters: Gases
Declarative and Non-Declarative Memory
Dentyn Sacre
Classical Conditioning
Brennan Brown
Habituation
Mia Verbeck
The Aplysia Gill Withdrawal Reflex
The L29 Axoaxonic Synapse
Characteristics of Declarative Memory
Long-Term Depression
Benson Bush
Long-Term Potentiation
When Is It LTD and When Is It LTP?
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II
Features of a Modifiable Gene
The cAMP Response Element Binding (CREB) Protein and the CREB-Responsive Element (CRE)
Determining Orientation in the Development of the Neural Tube
The Neuronal Growth Cone
Directional Growth of Neurites
Cell Adhesion Factors and Neuronal Growth
Cellular and Molecular Events in Programmed Cell Death
Jackson T. Anderson
Target Selection by Growing Neurites
Nerve Growth Factor
Neurotrophins
Cytokines and Nervous System Development
Formation of the Neuromuscular Junction
Critical Period
Lyndsay Woelfel
Plasticity and Stabilization
Garrett Nelson
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Brain Development
Macady Lunt
Animal Models of Autism
Abbigail Higgins
Genetic Contributions to Autism
Epigenetic Contributions to Autism
Adam Evans
Synaptic Pruning
Aliyah Grijalva and Jim Hutchins
Synaptic Pruning, Synaptic Stabilization, and Autism
Synaptic Pruning in the Retinogeniculate System
Huntington's Disease
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg Syndrome)
Alzheimer's Disease
Pituitary Adenoma
Meningitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase 1 Deficiency
Parkinson's Disease
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
The Cranial Fossae
Brain Herniation Syndromes
Chiari Malformation
Neurons
Ohm's Law
Postsynaptic Potentials (PSPs): The Source of EEG Signal
Polarity Rules & Localization
10-20 Measurement System
Sensitivity Calculations
Filters
Nyquist Theorem
Introduction to Common Pediatric Seizure Syndromes
Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome)
Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy of Childhood (Doose Syndrome)
Benign Rolandic Epilepsy (BRE)
Rasmussen Syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Electrical Status Epilepticus of Sleep (ESES)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Rett Syndrome
Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Human Brain
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage
Coronal Sections of the Human Brain
Horizontal Sections of the Human Brain
Basal Nuclei and Subcortical Forebrain
Thalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Sensory Pathways: Anterolateral System
Sensory Pathways: Posterior Column Medial Lemniscal System (PCMLS)
Sensory Pathways: Visual System
Sensory Pathways: Auditory
Sensory Pathways: Vestibular
Sensory Pathways: Gustatory
Sensory Pathways: Olfactory
Motor Pathways: The Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)
Motor Pathways: Basal Nuclei
Motor Pathways: Cerebellum
Sensorimotor Pathways: Language
Sensorimotor Pathways: The Stretch Reflex (Myotatic Reflex)
Sensorimotor Pathways: The Withdrawal Reflex
Sensorimotor Pathways: The Pupillary Light Reflex
Sensorimotor Pathways: The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
Sensorimotor Pathways: The Corneal Reflex (Blink Reflex)
Directional Terms
Anatomy and Physiology Defined
The Embryonic Brain
Lobes of the Brain
Fissures and Sulci
The Cerebral Cortex
Brodmann Areas
Speech Areas of the Human Brain
Major Gyri
The Limbic System
The Thalamus
Visual Pathways
Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
The Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum
The Cranial Fossa
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricles
Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)
The Equivalent Circuit Model of the Neuronal Membrane
Cable Theory and Electrical Current Flow in Neurons
Fick's First Law
Einstein's Equation for Electrical Drift
The Nernst-Planck Equation
The Nernst Equation
How Many Ions Flow Through a Single Protein Channel?
The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (G-H-K) Equation
The G-H-K Equation and the Action Potential
Action Potential Propagation and the Telegrapher's Equations
Saltatory Conduction
Computational Models of the Vestibular System
Computational Models of the Visual System
Computational Models of the Motor System
Style Guide
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Rasmussen Syndrome Copyright © by Jim Hutchins. All Rights Reserved.