Chapter 8 Key Terms
- Adverse childhood experience (ACE)
- a traumatic incident such as experiencing violence or abuse, witnessing violence at home or in the community, having a family member attempt suicide, or any event or environment that undermines a child’s sense of safety, security, and bonding
- Built environment
- includes transportation access and roadways, the availability of green space, locations for community gathering, and the buildings or other physical structures within the neighborhood
- Civic participation
- a range of activities that individuals can participate in that benefit the community as well as participant health
- Collective efficacy
- a community’s ability to create change and influence behavior through social norms
- Cost burdened
- describes households in which more than 30 percent of income is spent on housing
- Discrimination
- unfair treatment of individuals and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and ability
- Economic insecurity
- a situation linked to poverty where an individual or family is unable to consistently afford housing, food, clothing, transportation, child care, or health care
- Economic stability
- a situation where the individual has a steady source of income and consistent access to resources essential for a healthy life
- Equality
- a situation where each individual is given the same resources or opportunities
- Equity
- the distribution of the resources or opportunities each individual needs to reach an equal outcome among individuals
- Food deserts
- areas where residents have limited or absent options for affordable and healthy foods
- Food insecurity
- a condition in which individuals or families have limited access to adequate amounts of food
- Generational poverty
- a persistent lack of a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions and disadvantage where children who grow up poor are more likely to be poor as adults
- Health disparities
- preventable differences in health between groups of individuals, usually resulting from social or economic factors, geographic location, and environment
- Health equity
- a state in which everyone has a fair and just opportunity to attain their highest level of health
- Health inequities
- differences in health status or health resources between population groups arising from social conditions
- Housing instability
- a situation where individuals and families have difficulty paying rent, live in overcrowded residences, move frequently, or spend a large part of their household income on housing
- Living wage
- payment for employment that affords a modest standard of living for the individual and family
- Poverty
- a state in which an individual lacks a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions
- Social capital
- value gained from having positive interactions and connections between people that enables the community to function effectively and collaboratively in problem-solving efforts
- Social cohesion
- the strengths of relationships within a community; an indicator is the amount of social capital, or shared group resources, within a community
- Social determinants of health (SDOH)
- the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks
- Social justice
- the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities; also refers to overhauling social systems with the goal of sustainable equitable access into the future
- Socioeconomic gradient
- the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and increased disease risk and premature death
- Socioeconomic position (SEP)
- one’s position in society based on social and economic factors of income, education, and employment
- Structural discrimination
- deeply rooted institutional policies, systems, laws, and practices that limit opportunities, resources, and power of individuals and populations based on race, ethnicity, gender, ability, SES, and religion
a traumatic incident such as experiencing violence or abuse, witnessing violence at home or in the community, having a family member attempt suicide, or any event or environment that undermines a child’s sense of safety, security, and bonding
includes transportation access and roadways, the availability of green space, locations for community gathering, and the buildings or other physical structures within the neighborhood
a range of activities that individuals can participate in that benefit the community as well as participant health
a community’s ability to create change and influence behavior through social norms
describes households in which more than 30 percent of income is spent on housing
Actions or behaviors taken against a group of people because of prejudice.
a situation linked to poverty where an individual or family is unable to consistently afford housing, food, clothing, transportation, child care, or health care
a situation where the individual has a steady source of income and consistent access to resources essential for a healthy life
a situation where each individual is given the same resources or opportunities
the distribution of the resources or opportunities each individual needs to reach an equal outcome among individuals
areas where residents have limited or absent options for affordable and healthy foods
limited or inconsistent access to the amount of food required to live a healthy lifestyle
a persistent lack of a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions and disadvantage where children who grow up poor are more likely to be poor as adults
health outcomes impacted by social determinants of health that represent preventable differences experienced by underrepresented individuals
when everyone has a fair opportunity to obtain optimal health
differences in health status or health resources between population groups arising from social conditions
state of uncertainty or vulnerability in one’s housing situation, characterized by frequent moves, risk of eviction, difficulty paying rent or mortgage, or a lack of stable, secure housing
payment for employment that affords a modest standard of living for the individual and family
a state in which an individual lacks a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions
value gained from having positive interactions and connections between people that enables the community to function effectively and collaboratively in problem-solving efforts
the strengths of relationships within a community; an indicator is the amount of social capital, or shared group resources, within a community
conditions of the environments where people live or work, which represent the nonmedical factors that influence health outcomes
fair distribution of resources and opportunities
the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and increased disease risk and premature death
one’s position in society based on social and economic factors of income, education, and employment
deeply rooted institutional policies, systems, laws, and practices that limit opportunities, resources, and power of individuals and populations based on race, ethnicity, gender, ability, SES, and religion
